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Glossary
Mekonnen
Epic: The Warrior from Aksum
Note:
Most of the non-English words used in book one are of Ge'ez/Ethiopic
origin unless otherwise mentioned. Most of the non-English words in
the Prologue are of Hebrew or ancient Semitic origin. Ge'ez was the
South Semitic language spoken in the Aksumite kingdom by the monarch
and local inhabitants who became, and still are, known as Habesha
people. Ge'ez is the root/mother language from which Amhara,
Tigrinya, Tigre, Gurage and Harari evolved from. Sometimes I may use
the terms Ge'ez and Ehiopic interchangeably, including instances when
I'm not sure if a word is of Ge'ez origin or of one of it's child
languages like Tigrinya or Amharic. There were also many people whose
native language was not Ge'ez but Kushite languages like Agew, Afar,
Beja, Bilen, Somali and Nubian to name a few. Hebrew, Arabic, Greek
and Sabaean/Sheban were also spoken, written and/or understood by
some and influenced the culture in varying degrees.
Abba
– (Semetic/Ge'ez/Ethiopic)
Father. A biological father, father figure, a priest or monk.
Abuna
– (Ge'ez/Ethiopic) Title of the Arch bishop of the Ethiopian
Orthodox Church. In ancient and medival time the Arch bishop was
always ordained and sent from the Orthodox head quarters in
Alexandria, Egypt.
Abyssinia
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. From “Habeshinya”
meaning “Land of Hashesha”, an ancient word for the land of
northern Ethiopia and Eritrea when it was one kingdom ruled by the
kings of Aksum and the Kingdom of D'mot before that.
Addis
Kidan – Ah-dees
Kee-dahn (Ge'ez/Ethiopic)
– New Testament, of
the Holy Bible.
Adom/Adam
(Hebrew) – The first man mentioned in the Bible, who was made in
the image and likeness of the Almighty Creator yet formed from the
dust of the Earth. The root meaning for Adam or Edom means “red”,
suggesting the first man could have been red is appearance.
Afeworqi
Ah-fay-wor-kee (Ge'ez,
Ethiopic), – I boy's
name of Ethiopia and Eritrea, literally meaning “mouth of gold”.
Also spelled Afeworq, Afewerk
(Ah-fay-wor-k).
Agaw/Agew
– Ah-gow
(Kushitic) – One of the
most ancient people in the land of Abyssinia, descendant from Kush,
son of Ham, son of Noah. Many had intermingled with ancient Hebrews
that migrated into the land, forming the Beta Israel people and
adopting the Jewish religion and culture. They spoke Agew, Hebrew and
Ge'ez. It is also believed they were the first to either adopt or
speak the Semitic Ge'ez language, the word ge'ez
being a variation of the word Agew.
Some modern anthropologists and researchers believe many of the
different people groups in Ethiopia and Eritrea are off shoots of the
Agew people.
Aksum
– Ak-soom
(Kushitic-Semitic/Ge'ez)
–“Water of the Chief”. From “Ak” a Kushitic word for
“Water”, and “Sum/Shum” a Semitic word for “Chief”
(Ethiopia Bradt, PhillipBriggs, 2002). An ancient, holy city in
northern Ethiopia that was once the center of the great Kingdom and
Empire of Aksum that flourished from about 400 BC to 10th century AD.
The Kingdom of Aksum was once one of the first nations in Africa and
the world the accept Christianity as a state religion around 330 AD
during King Ezana's reign. Before this some of the kings followed
pagan religions and some were of the Jewish religion. Many that
converted to Christianity were Ethiopian Jews, but the ones who did
not convert became bitter rivals since then, now almost 1700 years
later. At its peak Aksum ruled over most of northern Ethiopia,
Eritrea, Djibouti, Nubia/Sudan, Southern Arabia and Western Yemen. It
is believed that the legendary Ark of the Covenant that Moses and the
people of Israel made in the Sinai wilderness is located in a chapel
in Aksum. It is disputed if it is really there and how long it has
been there, whether it was since the time of King Solomon and Queen
of Sheba (950 BC) or later after the Babylonian invasion and the
priests kept it in Egypt before moving it again up the Nile to
Abyssinia. Today Aksum is a small town of many churches, monasteries,
stele and historical museums and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Almaz
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) Diamond.
Amlak
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) god
(small “g”). The expression
“Egziabeher Amlak” means Almighty God of Gods.
(Author's note: I stand corrected).
Anbessa
- Ahn-bih-sah (Ge'ez/Ethiopic)
– Lion. Also used to refer
to a brave and courageous person, particularly a male.
Angabo
(Sabaean/Sheban)– A prince from
Sabaea/Sheba and ancestor of Mekeda the Queen of Sheba, probably her
father or grandfather.
Ato
(Ethiopic/Amharic) – Mister or Master.
Atse
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – Emperor. The Emperor of Aksum, also titled “King
of Kings”. The Emperors of Abyssinia (Ethiopia and Eritrea) reigned
from the throne in the city of Askum and assumed sovereign rule over
the Nubian Kingdoms, Sheba, Himyar, South Arabia, and at times, the
Kingdom of Beta Israel.
Bahetawi
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – “One
who lives in the wilderness”.
A
hermit monk in Abyssinia/Ethiopia, not affiliated with one particular
church but lives a life dedicated the fasting, praying, performing
miracles, reading the holy scriptures, preaching and prophesying.
They are revered, sometimes feared, and considered holy men by common
people and clergy. They usually grow long locks of hair and refrain
from certain foods and live by all the rules of the Nazarite vow. The
vow is described in detail in the Book of Numbers 6:1-21. Notable
Biblical figures who lived by the Nazarite vow were Samson and
Samuel. In Eusebius book of early church history it describes James
the brother of Jesus Christ grew his hair very long after accepting
his brother in the flesh as the Messiah/Christ. The Rastafarian
movement also adopted their “Dread locks” hair style and other
ordinances from this Nazarite vow.
Benai/Bene
Elohim (Hebrew) The Sons of
God. Bene = Sons; Elohim = God. Another expression for the Angels.
See Mel'ak.
Beta
Krestiyan –
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – Church. Literally “House of Christians”.
Beta
Israel –
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) –
House of Israel, the Ethiopian/Habesha Jews. The official name for
Ethiopian Jews whose history and origins can be traced back to the
Israelites from Egypt during the time of Moses, The Babylonian
invasion and captivity of Israel and King Solomon and the Queen of
Sheba. During the time of the Kingdom of Aksum conversion to
Christianity in 330 AD The Beta Israel established their Kingdom to
the south of the Tekeze River and in the Semien Mountains building
fortresses and palaces along side villages, extending further south
to around Lake T'ana and west to Gondar province. According to their
histories the first king of Beta Israel was King Phineas, a
descendant of the Jewish High Priest Tzadok from the temple if
Jerusalem during the time of King Solomon of Israel.
Cherub/Kherub
(Hebrew/Semitic/Chaldean): A class of heavenly creature that
usually has the physical characteristic of a combination of two or
more earthly animals usually having multiple pairs of wings (usually
1 to 3 pairs as described through out the Bible). Plural is Cherubim.
They guard, protect and/or worship God continuously. First
mentioned in Genesis 3:24 as one of the creatures who guard the Tree
of Life after Adam and Eve sinned. See description of
Cherubim/Kerubel in Ezekiel 1:5-11, Ezekiel 10:1, and Revelation 4:7.
Chayot
HaKodesh (Hebrew): The Living Creatures. The Four heavenly
creatures that are described in the scriptures as worshiping God, the
Almighty Creator, around his throne. They are described as having 4
different faces: a Man, a Lion, an Ox, and an Eagle.
Cubit
(Latin): A
Biblical cubit in approximately 18 inches or 1.5 feet. A 6 feet tall
man will be about 4 cubits.
Daiqon/Deaqon
(Ge'ez),
Deacon.
Egziabeher/Agziabeher
–
Eg-zee-ah-bih-hayr
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) God Almighty.
El/Elohim
(Semitic/Hebrew), One of the most ancient Hebrew names for the
God and creator of the whole universe including heaven and earth. El
is singular, Elohim is plural but still refers to one united
entity.
Enku
– En-k'oo
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) Pearl or Jewel.
Erelim
(Hebrew): A class of heavenly angels meaning The Valiant or
Courageous Ones. Also spelled Arel, Ar'el and Er'el.
Eritrea
(Greek/Italian): Red Land. From the Greek word Erythraíā
then translated into Italian as Eritrea. The Kingdom of Aksum
included the land of modern day Eritrea with the main sea port at
Adulis/Zula. Eritrea shares a lot of ancient and medieval history,
culture, food, language (Ge'ez) and alphabet/writing systems in
common with Ethiopia. After centuries of tension and wars with
Ethiopia, Eritrea has established its own country and government. The
sea between the Somalian coast and Sabaea/Himyar (modern day Yemen)
was known to the Greek and Roman sea traders as the Erythraean Sea
and they used a popular ancient map known as The Periplus of the
Erythraean Sea.
Ethiopia
(Greek):
Burned Face. A general term used by the ancient Greeks to refer to
any land south of Egypt beyond the 3rd cataract, including Nubia
(modern day Sudan), Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) and Eritrea. In
the origin Hebrew Tanakh/Old Testament the word “Kush” was used.
Later it was translated into Greek then English to Ethiopia, usually
referring to land of Kushites in Nubia/Sudan first. Other sources,
like the Book of Aksum,
claim the word actually originated from a descendent of Ham and Kush
names Itiopp'is
who settled in ancient Ethiopia and founded the city of Aksum.
Falasha
(Ge'ez) - 'Outsider' or 'Outcast'.
A Sort of derogatory reference for Ethiopian Jews. See Beta
Israel for details.
Gebre
Meskel – (Ge'ez/Ethiopic)
Servant of the Cross. The royal/throne name of one of the most well
known Emperors of Aksum in the 6th century AD. Also known as
Ella Ameda II, reigned
circa 536 to542 AD. There was mostly peace during his reign in
contrast to the reign of his father Kaleb
(Ella Atzebeha, reigned
circa 519 to 536 AD)
before him. After making a sacred oath in Jerusalem concerning the
Ark of the Covenant, and settling a conflict for the throne between
his two sons Israel
and Gebre Meskel,
(see Kebra Nagast 117) King Kaleb abdicated the throne to become a
monk and live in a monasteries for the rest of his life.
Geta
– Gay-tah
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) .
Lord. Title given to an official, leader, elderly man or to any one
in authority.
G'rum
– G-room
(Ethiopic/Tigrinya) Excellent, Wonderful.
Habesha/Abesha
– Hah-bih-sha (Ethiopic/South Arabic) Mixed people. The
people of Ethiopia and Eritrea became known as “Habesha People”
since ancient times, into the Aksumite period until today they still
refer to themselves by this unique term. Most scholars say it is a
South Arabic word that means “Mixed people” or “Crowd of
people”, suggesting the many ethnic groups that lived and
intermingle with each other, including Semitic and Hamitic peoples.
Research has proved (including DNA tests) that people from the
Mediterranean and Near East have also intermingled into the blood
line of many Habesha people.
Hallalel
– Hahl-lal-el
(Hebrew) – Praise of
God. Supposedly the name
of the Nakhash before he rebelled and became Satan.
This name suggest his role as a chief covering Cherub of praise and
worship music in heaven before his pride and rebellion to overthrow
the Almighty Creator. Satan has traditional been known by Christians
by the Greek word Lucifer
which mean “Light Bearer”.
Hawwah/
Hawa (Hebrew): Eve. The first woman mentioned on the Bible,
formed from Adam's rib. The very first prophecy in the Bible is
centered around the “Seed of the Woman” that will defeat the
“Seed of the Serpent”, a prophecies of the coming savior and
virgin birth of the Messiah.
Ham/Kham
(Semitic/Hebrew) – Meaning warm or hot. One of the
three sons of Noah, said to be the principal ancestor of most people
of Africa. There is a Tomb of Ham located near Aksum since ancient
times.
Hashmallim
(Hebrew):
Electrum. A class of heavenly angels. The name suggest they look like
the Electrum which is an alloy of gold and silver, that range in
color from pale yellow to white. It was sometimes called White Gold
or Green Gold in the ancient world.
Henock/Henok
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – Enoch, the
great-grand father of Noah, who walked with God for 300 years and was
translated/taken to heaven without dieing. The books of Enoch are
attributed to him and his experiences in the multiple levels of
heaven, hell, abyss, and judgments against the fallen angels/Watchers
and their evil offspring the giants/titans or “Nephalim”. The
Books of Enoch were thought to be lost for hundreds of years until
they were found in Ethiopia in the Ethiopia Orthodox Church Bible as
one of the 81 canonical books, and among the Dead Sea Scrolls in the
Qumran caves in Israel. The writings of Enoch are also included of
the scriptures/canon of the Eritrean Orthodox Church and the Beta
Israel.
Hoy
(Ethiopic/Amharic) – An exclamation similar to “Oh!”
Hrai
(Tigrinya/Ge'ez) – Okay.
Iyesus
Kristos (Ethiopic/Greek) – Jesus Christ. Deriving from the
Greek spelling of the name and title of the Jewish Messiah worshiped
by Christians.
Kahen
(Semitic/Ethiopic) –
Priest of the Beta Israel/ Ethiopian Jews.
Kerubel
– (Ge'ez) From the Hebrew/Semitic word “Cherub”, a creature
from the realms of heaven.
See Cherubim/Kherub.
See Cherubim/Kherub.
Kess
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – A Priest of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Plural Kesset.
Kush/Cush
(Semitic/Hebrew) – One of the
sons of Ham/Kham, son of Noah. One of the earliest and largest groups
of people to inhabit Nubia (Sudan), Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia.
According to the Bible, the Book of Jubilees and Book of Jashar, The
descendants of Kush, including King Nimrod, also first settled in the
Mesopotamian area and ruled over large portions of the known world.
Meshaf
Qedus (Ge'ez/Ethiopic) -
The Holy Bible, literally translates “Words Holy”.
The canon of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Church from the
Aksumite period until today include the 27 books of the New
Testament, the Jewish Tanakh (Christian Old Testament), the
Apocryphal Books (Esdras 1 and 2, Maccabees, Tobit, Baruch, etc.) and
the Book of Enoch, Jubilees, etc, adding up to a total of 81 books.
Makeda
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – The
traditional name for the Queen of Sheba.
Meder
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – The
Earth
Mekonnen/Makonnen
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) –
Elite, Lifted Up. An aristocratic title of the royal court for a
Governor, Noble or General. A common boy's name in Ethiopia and
Eritrea.
Menelik
(Ge'ez)
– Son of the Wise Man - from
Ethiopian Legend, Menelik was the son of King Solomon and the Queen
of Sheba and the ancestor of the kings of Aksum and Ethiopian
Solomonic Dynasty. See section in Back Stories and Legends for
details.
Mal’ak/Malak/Melak
(Hebrew/Semitic):
Messenger or an Angel from heaven or hell, whether good or bad.
Plural: Mal’akim
. See Mel'ak below.
Mel'ak/Mel'akt
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – Angel(s). A powerful being from the realms of
Heaven. Sometimes they interact with humans and look like regular
men, other times they appear with armor as warriors. They are not
always describes as having wings but many times to do appear with one
or more pairs of wings. Sometimes they are described as wearing white
apparel. They vary in appearance and sizes. According to biblical
text and legends around the whole, some angels have left their ranks
in the realms of heaven to intermingle with humans and produce
offspring known as giants, Nephallim, Rephaim, etc. In other cultures
they correspond with titans, gods, elves, trolls, and more.
Mengist
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) –
Government. An organized establishment of rulership in Heaven or
Earth or the Spiritual Realm whether good or evil.
Meshiach
(Hebrew) –
Messiah. In Jewish
and Christian legend and beliefs, the Messiah will be sent to earth
by God to save/rescue his followers from the evil forces of the world
and the spiritual realm at an appointed time. Christians believe
Iyesus Kristos/Jesus Christ is the Messiah prophecies in Jewish
scriptures.
Mastema/Mastemo
(Hebrew):
Hatred, Adversary. A fallen angel mentions several times as the main
adversary of the apocryphal writing of The Book of Jubilees (Also
know as the Apocalypse of Moses). Also mentioned in
the Zadokite Fragments and the Dead
Sea Scrolls,
he is the angel of disaster.
The true origins of Mastema is a mystery. In this story I spell his
name with an “o”
at the end.
Nachash/Nakhash
(Hebrew):
Snake, Serpent, Shiny/Fiery Serpent. This is the word used to refer
the serpent who deceived Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden in the
Book of Genesis, chapter 3:1.
Negus
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – King.
Also refers to a secondary king or a general of an army or brigade.
Negusa
Negus (Ge'ez/Ethiopic) –
King of Kings, official title given to the King/Emperor of Aksum and
Abyssinia.
Nephilim
(Hebrew) –
Fallen Ones. The product/offspring of an angel/Watcher with a human
woman. As first mentioned in Genesis 6:1-4, and all through the Bible
particularly in Numbers 13: 33, Deuteronomy, Books of 1 and 2 Kings,
1 and 2 Chronicles. Also mention in Jude, and 1 and 2 Peter, the Book
of Enoch and Book of Jubilees. Also mentions together with Rephaim,
Anakim, Emim, Zim Zumim, etc. Giants, titans, trolls, cyclops, and
ogres of ancient myths and legends from all over the world are in
this category. Goliath and his brothers of Gath were also a Nephilim.
Og the King. The child of Israel were afraid to enter the promise
land because of the nephilim/giants that lived in the land of Canaan.
Onaphel/Onafel
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – The
Wheels of Gods with eyes all over. From the Hebrew word Onaphim.
Onaphim/Onafim
(Hebrew):
Same definition as above.
Orit
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – The
five book of Moses, the Pentateuch, which are Genesis, Exodus,
Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.
Qedus
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – Holy
Ruach
(Hebrew): The Spirit/Wind of God
Sabaea(n)/Saba
/ Sheba (Semitic) – The
ancient region of Southern Arabia, modern day country of Yemen. From
a root word meaning “An Oath”. Once part of the extended Empire
of Aksum that was centered in northern Abyssinia (Ethiopia and
Eritrea).
Sar
(Hebrew/Semitic) A Prince or Chief.
Example: Sar Malak
Miykael means Arch Angel
or Chief Angel Michael.
Seif
– (Ge'ez/Arabic) Sword.
Serufel
(Ethiopic/Ge'ez) – Seraph. A heavenly being, based on the Hebrew
root meaning of the word and descriptions in the Bible, “Seraph”
is an angel with six wings and look like a flaming torch, or the
whole body is on fire without being destroyed.
Serafim/Seraphim
(Hebrew)
Same definition as above.
Semay/Semayat
– (Ge'ez/Ethiopic) Heaven, Similar to the Hebrew word Shamay.
The sky or the celestial home of The Almighty One, God the creator
the universe and the angels.
Shamayim
(Hebrew):
Heaven. Same definition as above.
Shem
– (Semitic/Hebrew) Honor or Name. One of the sons of Noah. The
father of all Semitic peoples and languages, who mostly inhabit the
Middle East and parts of north and east Africa.
Siol
– The grave of the dead. Similar to the Hebrew word “Seoul”. A
waiting place for the should of the dead. Translated as “Hell” in
most English/Western Bibles. Not to be confused with the lake of fire
which is “Gehenna”
Sodi
(Ancient Semitic): The Way; The
root for the word Zodiac.
Stadia
(Latin): 1 stadia = 600 feet.
Stele/Stelae
(Latin) – An Obelisk. In
locale Ethiopic Semetic languages it is Hawelt.
One of Aksum's distinctive historical land marks, hundreds of stelae
of varying sizes and heights are erected in Aksum. Most stand tall in
the “stele fields” to the north east of Aksum city. The tallest
one stood at 33 meters and was one of the largest stele's in the
world until it collapsed and broke into 5 pieces a long time ago.
Currently the tallest one stand at 24 meters. The oldest and smaller
ones are said to have been erected about 4,000 years ago.
Archeologist believe the earliest one were erected by Sabaeans
(Shebans) from southern Arabian in pre-christian time for their
worship religion.
Tabot
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – The
tablets carried by the priests above there heads in processions. The
tabots represent the tablets that the Ten Commandments were written
on and placed in the Ark of The Covenant by Moses. Also refers to the
actual Ark of the Covenant which is never shown to the public.
Timkat/Timket
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – An
annual three day holy festival held in early January to celebrate the
baptist of Jesus Christ by John the Baptist. It includes colorful
processions of Orthodox priests carrying Tabots followed by
Arch-Bishops, musicians, monks, incense bearers, dancers and crowds
of lay people.
Tsadkan
(Ge'ez/Ethiopic) – The
Righteous Ones, Referring to the nine “Syrian” monks who came to
Aksum in the 5th century AD and inspired the building of many
churches and monasteries. They also encouraged the Bible to be
translated from Greek to the Aksumite's native and official language
of Ge'ez. The origins and nationalities of the Nine Righteous Ones
were from regions around the Mediterranean, including Syria, Turkey
(Anatolia), Rome, Israel.
Tsebok
(Ethiopic/Tigrinya) – Great, Beautiful.
Tsiyon/Tsion
(Semitic/Hebrew/Ge'ez) – Zion. The supernatural mountain of God or
the location of Jerusalem in Israel.
U-we
(Tigrinya/Ge'ez) Oo-way,
– Yes
Wainaba/Waynaba
(Ethiopic) –
Based on ancient Ethiopian legend, the serpent-snake Waynaba
terrorized the people of Aksum and nearby towns, including the demand
for an annual sacrifice of a young virgin. A prince name Angabo from
Sheba/Sabaea (Modern day Yemen) killed the serpent and was made king.
Angabo is said to be an ancestor of the Queen of Sheba who visited
King Solomon of Israel as recorded in the Bible and legends.
Historically, some people did
practice a religion of worshiping snakes and snake gods in certain
parts of Ethiopia and surrounding areas.
Wayzerit
(Ge'ez) – Miss, an unmarried woman or young woman. A royal title
for “Lady”.
Wayzero
(Ge'ez) – Mrs. or Madam, a married or older woman. A royal title
for “Dame”.
Yashar
Sodi (Hebrew/Semitic): Upright Way. The phrase is used a
lot on the Book of Jashar/Yashar, meaning the Book of the Upright.
The ancient biblical characters: Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Joseph,
etc., were described as living the upright and righteous way
before God and mankind. This will become a sort of catch phrase
for the Warriors of Light in the Mekonnen Epic story.
Yaphet/Japhet
(Hebrew) –
Beautiful, Expansion. One of the sons of Noah. According to the
Bible, Book of Jubilee, Book of Jashar, after the great flood the
descendants of Yaphet settled in all Europe, parts of the Iran and
Turkey (Anatolia). From Russia and Scandinavia in the north, British
isles and Iberian peninsular to the west, Greek isles to Cyprus to
the south to Armenia and northern Persia in the East.
Yohannes
(Hebrew/Ge'ez) –
John, as in John the Baptist or John the Apostle of Jesus and the
writer of The Apocalypse or Book of Revelation.
Zendow
(Ge'ez) – A large snake, python or dragon.
References:
African
Names (1993)
by Julia Stewart
Aksum:
An African Civilization of Late Antiquity (1991),
by Stuart Munro-Hay
A
Rasta’s Pilgrimage, 1998,
by Neville Garrick
Amharic
Bibles (KJV)
Concise
Amharic Dictionary, 2004,
Wolf Leslau
Cosmic
Codes, 2004
by Chuck Missler
Ethiopia,
The Bradt Travel Guide, (2002) by Philip Briggs
Ethiopic
Grammar, 2nd
ed (1855), by August Dillman and Carl Bezold
Ethiopia
& Eritrea, 2nd
ed, 2003, (Lonely Planet)
Josephus,
The Antiquities of the Jews, by
Josephus Flavius, trans. by William Whiston
1
Enoch, 2004,
by G.W.E. Nickelsburg, James C. VanderKam
The
Lost Book of Enoch, Trans.
by Joseph B. Lumpkin
The
Book of Jasher, 1840 edition, by
unknown ancient authors
The
Histories by
Herodotus (490-420(?) BC), 2003, Penguin Books
The
Lost Civilization of Petra, 1999,
Floris Books, by Udi Levy
Petra
and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans, 2001,
by Jane Taylor
Kebra
Nagast (1922), English
translation by
E.A. Wallis Budge
The
Book of Jubilees (The Apocalypse of Moses), 2006,
Trans. by Joseph B. Lumpkin
The
Sign of The Seal, 1992, by Graham Hancock
The
Book of Angels, 2006, by
Ruth Thompson, Williams and Taylor
The
New Strong’s Exhaustive
Concordance, by
James Strong
Warfare
in the Classical World, 1995,
by John Warry
The
Witness of the Stars (1893)
by E.W. Bullinger
The
Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament, 1987,
by J.R. Kohnlenberger III
